How to Guide                                                    

The development of Bluetooth technology has significantly impacted key aspects of wireless keyboards, such as connection stability, power consumption, and latency. The transition from Bluetooth 4.0 to 5.0 introduces major improvements in transmission range, connection reliability, and energy efficiency, enhancing the typing experience for wireless keyboard users.

Bluetooth 4.0, an early version of low-energy Bluetooth, is suitable for basic office tasks but lacks performance in fast typing or gaming scenarios.

Bluetooth 5.0 delivers significant advancements in transmission speed, connection stability, and reduced power consumption. For wireless keyboards, it minimizes input latency and extends battery life.

Bluetooth 5.0 offers a transformative upgrade for users seeking improved performance and reliability in wireless devices, particularly keyboards used in dynamic or demanding contexts.





The development of Bluetooth technology has significantly impacted key aspects of wireless keyboards, such as connection stability, power consumption, and latency. The transition from Bluetooth 4.0 to 5.0 introduces major improvements in transmission range, connection reliability, and energy efficiency, enhancing the typing experience for wireless keyboard users.



Features of Bluetooth 4.0

Bluetooth 4.0, an early version of low-energy Bluetooth, is suitable for basic office tasks but lacks performance in fast typing or gaming scenarios.







✅ Advantages





Energy Efficiency: Lower power consumption compared to earlier versions like Bluetooth 3.0.



Compatibility: Works with most operating systems (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android).



Office Use: Adequate for standard document input without noticeable delays.



⚠️ Limitations





Short Transmission Range: Connections may drop beyond 10 meters.



Slow Device Switching: Requires waiting time when switching between devices.







Features of Bluetooth 5.0

Bluetooth 5.0 delivers significant advancements in transmission speed, connection stability, and reduced power consumption. For wireless keyboards, it minimizes input latency and extends battery life.



✅ Advantages





Extended Range: Supports up to 40 meters indoors, ideal for larger spaces.



Lower Power Consumption: Improves keyboard battery life.



Enhanced Stability: Maintains smooth operation even in environments with interference.



Low Latency: Faster response times suitable for high-speed typing needs.



⚠️ Limitations





Higher Cost: Keyboards supporting Bluetooth 5.0 are more expensive.



Limited Compatibility with Older Devices: Devices using Bluetooth 4.0 may not fully utilize the benefits of version 5.0.



Bluetooth 4.0 vs. 5.0 Specifications





Choosing Between Bluetooth 4.0 and 5.0

Bluetooth 4.0 Keyboard Usage Scenarios





For basic office tasks and document processing.



If budget constraints exist.



When using older devices that only support Bluetooth 4.0.







Bluetooth 5.0 Keyboard Usage Scenarios





For stable connections in high-speed typing or gaming scenarios.



If longer battery life is desired.



When working in environments with potential interference or needing extended range.







Bluetooth 5.0 offers a transformative upgrade for users seeking improved performance and reliability in wireless devices, particularly keyboards used in dynamic or demanding contexts.

Quickly understand the features and differences between two generations of Bluetooth, and choose the right usage scenario.

Wireless Foundation for Smart Living: Features of Bluetooth 4.0 and 5.0

As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from 

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.

Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.

↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector





As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

 

What is an ATX 3.0 Power Supply?

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

 

Key Features of ATX 3.0





Supports 12VHPWR power connector (16-pin).



A single cable can deliver up to 600W, suitable for high-end graphics cards.



Replaces multiple 8-pin power cables, reducing cable clutter.



Can handle up to 200% transient power spikes, ensuring system stability.



Controversies Surrounding ATX 3.0

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

 

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

 



↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from reddit, r/nvidia)

 

The Birth of ATX 3.1

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

 

Key Improvements in ATX 3.1

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.







Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

 

ATX 3.0 vs. ATX 3.1 Comparison

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.







Recommended ATX 3.1 Power Supply - PMT Series

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

 

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.





↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector

 (Image from forum.gamer.com.tw)

Power supplies have reached a new version—explore the differences after the upgrade!

ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 Power Supply Detailed Introduction

Building a PC can be a big challenge for DIY beginners, but it’s also an incredibly fun and rewarding process. Before starting your build, you need to understand the following key points:

Before planning your PC build, it's essential to define your specific needs. Are you building a PC for gaming, office work, content creation, or streaming?

If you don’t clarify your needs beforehand, you might end up buying incompatible components or wasting money on unnecessary parts.

Step 2: Essential Components for Building a PC

Before building your PC, you need to prepare the following components:

To help choose the right components and avoid compatibility issues, we’ll demonstrate how to use PCPartPicker for selecting and purchasing parts.

Use PCPartPicker’s system to select preferred components and brands. If a specific component is unavailable on the website, it can manually search for it on other platforms.

III. Purchase Components from Your Preferred Store

For example, if buying from Amazon, simply add the selected parts to the cart and proceed with the checkout process.

IV. Purchase From Other Platforms (If needed)

If the selected PC components are out of stock or unavailable on usual shopping websites, alternative suppliers can be found below, or local distributors can be contacted for assistance.

Magnetic Screwdriver or Electric Screwdriver

Using a magnetic screwdriver or an electric screwdriver makes component installation faster and more convenient.

After assembling the components, it's important to manage the cables. Cable ties help keep the wiring neat and organized.

Before installation, carefully read the user manuals of each component. This ensures a smooth installation process and helps prevent damage due to incorrect assembly.

With proper planning and the right tools, even beginners can successfully build a powerful and efficient PC! 





Building a PC can be a big challenge for DIY beginners, but it’s also an incredibly fun and rewarding process. Before starting your build, you need to understand the following key points:



Step 1: Determine Your Usage Needs

Before planning your PC build, it's essential to define your specific needs. Are you building a PC for gaming, office work, content creation, or streaming?



If you don’t clarify your needs beforehand, you might end up buying incompatible components or wasting money on unnecessary parts.







Step 2: Essential Components for Building a PC

Before building your PC, you need to prepare the following components:





CPU (Processor) – Responsible for executing calculations and instructions.



CPU Cooler – Helps dissipate heat from the processor to ensure optimal performance.



Motherboard – Serves as the bridge connecting all PC components.



RAM (Memory) – Temporarily stores data to speed up program execution.



Storage (SSD/HDD) – Stores system files and user data.



Graphics Card (GPU) – Handles graphics processing for gaming, video editing, and rendering tasks.



Power Supply Unit (PSU) – Provides power to all components.



PC Case – Houses all components, offering protection and extending the system’s lifespan.







Step 3: Planning Your PC Build 

(Using the PCPartPicker website as an example)



To help choose the right components and avoid compatibility issues, we’ll demonstrate how to use PCPartPicker for selecting and purchasing parts.



I. Visit the PCPartPicker Website





↑PCPartPicker



II. Select the PC Components

Use PCPartPicker’s system to select preferred components and brands. If a specific component is unavailable on the website, it can manually search for it on other platforms.







III. Purchase Components from Your Preferred Store

For example, if buying from Amazon, simply add the selected parts to the cart and proceed with the checkout process.







IV. Purchase From Other Platforms (If needed)

If the selected PC components are out of stock or unavailable on usual shopping websites, alternative suppliers can be found below, or local distributors can be contacted for assistance.





↑Purchase darkFlash DY470 on newegg



Step 4: Tools Needed for PC Build

Magnetic Screwdriver or Electric Screwdriver

Using a magnetic screwdriver or an electric screwdriver makes component installation faster and more convenient.







Cable Ties and Scissors

After assembling the components, it's important to manage the cables. Cable ties help keep the wiring neat and organized.







Component Manuals

Before installation, carefully read the user manuals of each component. This ensures a smooth installation process and helps prevent damage due to incorrect assembly.







With proper planning and the right tools, even beginners can successfully build a powerful and efficient PC! 

Here're a few things you need to know first.

Build Your Own PC! A Must-Know Guide for DIY Beginners

, we now have USB 3.1, USB 3.2, and the popular USB Type-C. But is Type-C a specification or a connector? What are the differences?

USB 3.0 vs. USB 3.1 vs. USB 3.2: Differences in Transfer Speed and Specifications

From the summarized information above, we can conclude two key points:

So, when purchasing USB-related products, don’t be misled by version names—the most important thing is to check the actual transfer speed!

USB Type-C is a new type of port, often referred to as Type-C. It features an oval-shaped connector that is smaller and more convenient than older USB interfaces. However, it is crucial to note that Type-C is not a USB version—it is merely a connector type.

Recommended Type-C Compatible PC Case – 

For both gamers and content creators, having a Type-C compatible case is essential. The DY470 case features a USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-C port on the front I/O panel, delivering transfer speeds of up to 10Gbps. Not only does it offer ultra-fast data transfer, but it also ensures excellent stability!





Besides USB 2.0 and USB 3.0, we now have USB 3.1, USB 3.2, and the popular USB Type-C. But is Type-C a specification or a connector? What are the differences?



USB 3.0 vs. USB 3.1 vs. USB 3.2: Differences in Transfer Speed and Specifications







From the summarized information above, we can conclude two key points:





USB 3.0 = USB 3.1 Gen 1 = USB 3.2 Gen 1



USB 3.1 Gen 2 = USB 3.2 Gen 2

So, when purchasing USB-related products, don’t be misled by version names—the most important thing is to check the actual transfer speed!



What Is USB Type-C?

USB Type-C is a new type of port, often referred to as Type-C. It features an oval-shaped connector that is smaller and more convenient than older USB interfaces. However, it is crucial to note that Type-C is not a USB version—it is merely a connector type.







Key Features of USB Type-C





Unlike the traditional USB-A, Type-C is reversible, meaning it can be plugged in either way, making it more user-friendly.



Smaller connector size, allowing for thinner and lighter laptop designs.



Supports high-speed data transfer and fast power delivery.



Recommended Type-C Compatible PC Case – DY470

For both gamers and content creators, having a Type-C compatible case is essential. The DY470 case features a USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-C port on the front I/O panel, delivering transfer speeds of up to 10Gbps. Not only does it offer ultra-fast data transfer, but it also ensures excellent stability!





Stop mixing them up! We will help you understand the USB ports differences all at once.

The Speed and Function Differences Between USB 3.0, 3.1, and Type-C

Hunters, are you ready? The highly anticipated RPG Monster Hunter Wilds is launching on February 28, 2025! But besides the game itself, having a capable gaming rig is crucial. Can you enjoy smooth gameplay on a budget of under $1,250?

Let's dive into an affordable PC build that can run Monster Hunter Wilds effortlessly.

The AMD Ryzen 7700 features 8 cores and 16 threads based on Zen 4 architecture, offering high efficiency with low power consumption—perfect for open-world games like Monster Hunter Wilds.

Motherboard | GIGABYTE B650 AORUS ELITE AX V2

A budget-friendly AM5 motherboard with stable power delivery, DDR5 RAM support, and multiple PCIe 4.0 M.2 slots—a solid choice for a reliable gaming setup.

RAM | Acer Predator Vesta II 32GB (16GBx2) DDR5 6000 RGB

For smooth gaming, DDR5 is the way to go! The Predator Vesta II offers high frequency, low latency, and a stylish gaming look.

Long loading times? No thanks! The Crucial T500 delivers 7,400MB/s speeds, ensuring seamless gameplay with Monster Hunter Wilds.

Want a digital display on your CPU cooler but hate the hassle of liquid cooling setups? The DN-360D offers real-time CPU temperature monitoring and adjustable fan speeds for both aesthetics and efficiency.

Don’t become a pixelated hunter! The RTX 4060 EAGLE OC is the best budget choice, smoothly handling 1080p and 1440p gaming. With DLSS 3 and ray tracing support, it’s ideal for gamers on a budget.

Power Supply | darkFlash PMT 750W 80+ Gold

A power supply is the heart of your system—don’t skimp on it! The darkFlash PMT 750W supports ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1, meets 80 PLUS Gold standards, and offers 7 safety protections.

Tired of glass cases? The DF4100 features a full mesh front panel, pre-installed 140mm fans, and supports the latest rear-mount motherboard designs—perfect for any build level.

How Well Does This Build Perform in Monster Hunter Wilds?

Using recent PC performance benchmarks, here’s how this build handles Monster Hunter Wilds:

✅ 1080p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON

✅ 1440p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON

❌ 1440p / Ultra Settings / Frame Generation ON

✔ Gamers with 1080p or 1440p monitors who don’t need ultra settings.

✔ Players looking for budget-friendly performance with DLSS 3.

✔ Those who prioritize smooth gameplay over extreme graphics fidelity.





Hunters, are you ready? The highly anticipated RPG Monster Hunter Wilds is launching on February 28, 2025! But besides the game itself, having a capable gaming rig is crucial. Can you enjoy smooth gameplay on a budget of under $1,250?



Let's dive into an affordable PC build that can run Monster Hunter Wilds effortlessly.





CPU | AMD Ryzen 7700

The AMD Ryzen 7700 features 8 cores and 16 threads based on Zen 4 architecture, offering high efficiency with low power consumption—perfect for open-world games like Monster Hunter Wilds.



Motherboard | GIGABYTE B650 AORUS ELITE AX V2

A budget-friendly AM5 motherboard with stable power delivery, DDR5 RAM support, and multiple PCIe 4.0 M.2 slots—a solid choice for a reliable gaming setup.



RAM | Acer Predator Vesta II 32GB (16GBx2) DDR5 6000 RGB

For smooth gaming, DDR5 is the way to go! The Predator Vesta II offers high frequency, low latency, and a stylish gaming look.



Storage | Crucial T500 1TB SSD

Long loading times? No thanks! The Crucial T500 delivers 7,400MB/s speeds, ensuring seamless gameplay with Monster Hunter Wilds.



Cooling | darkFlash DN360D Liquid CPU Cooler

Want a digital display on your CPU cooler but hate the hassle of liquid cooling setups? The DN-360D offers real-time CPU temperature monitoring and adjustable fan speeds for both aesthetics and efficiency.







GPU | GIGABYTE RTX 4060 EAGLE OC 8GB

Don’t become a pixelated hunter! The RTX 4060 EAGLE OC is the best budget choice, smoothly handling 1080p and 1440p gaming. With DLSS 3 and ray tracing support, it’s ideal for gamers on a budget.



Power Supply | darkFlash PMT 750W 80+ Gold

A power supply is the heart of your system—don’t skimp on it! The darkFlash PMT 750W supports ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1, meets 80 PLUS Gold standards, and offers 7 safety protections.







Case | darkFlash DF4100 Mesh Front Panel

Tired of glass cases? The DF4100 features a full mesh front panel, pre-installed 140mm fans, and supports the latest rear-mount motherboard designs—perfect for any build level.



How Well Does This Build Perform in Monster Hunter Wilds?

Using recent PC performance benchmarks, here’s how this build handles Monster Hunter Wilds:



✅ 1080p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON





Average FPS: 104.34



Smooth gameplay with high settings enabled.







✅ 1440p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON





Average FPS: 84.37



Great balance between visuals and performance.







❌ 1440p / Ultra Settings / Frame Generation ON





Below 40 FPS—not recommended.







Who Is This Build For?

✔ Gamers with 1080p or 1440p monitors who don’t need ultra settings.

✔ Players looking for budget-friendly performance with DLSS 3.

✔ Those who prioritize smooth gameplay over extreme graphics fidelity.





Build a gaming PC for under $1,250 that runs Monster Hunter Wilds smoothly—start your hunter’s journey today!

Budget Hunter’s Guide: Play Monster Hunter Wilds Smoothly for Under $1,250

Reviews                                                         

Aside from the Cybenetics power supply certification, another commonly recognized certification for power supplies is 80 PLUS. Introduced early on, 80 PLUS measures the efficiency of power supplies at 20%, 50%, and 100% load levels to ensure effective power conversion.

| 80 PLUS Certification Levels and Efficiency Ratings |

The 80 PLUS certification consists of six levels, each representing different efficiency standards:

The higher the certification level, the better the power conversion efficiency and lower energy loss.

| How to Calculate Power Conversion Efficiency |

If your computer consumes 600W in total and you want to use a Gold-certified power supply, the calculation would be:

This means you need at least a 750W 80 PLUS Gold-certified power supply.

| Why Choose an 80 PLUS Certified Power Supply? |

⚡ Energy Efficiency: Higher conversion rates mean less energy waste and lower electricity bills.

🔥 Reduced Heat Generation: Better efficiency reduces excess heat, extending component lifespan.

✅ Stable Performance: Higher certification levels ensure consistent power output, benefiting system stability.

| Which 80 PLUS Certification Should You Choose? |

👨‍💻 For Office & Light Gaming Users:

Standard, Bronze, or Silver is sufficient since power demands are relatively low.

Gold or higher is recommended to ensure minimal power loss and stable performance for extended usage.





Aside from the Cybenetics power supply certification, another commonly recognized certification for power supplies is 80 PLUS. Introduced early on, 80 PLUS measures the efficiency of power supplies at 20%, 50%, and 100% load levels to ensure effective power conversion.



| 80 PLUS Certification Levels and Efficiency Ratings |

The 80 PLUS certification consists of six levels, each representing different efficiency standards:



The higher the certification level, the better the power conversion efficiency and lower energy loss.





| How to Calculate Power Conversion Efficiency |

If your computer consumes 600W in total and you want to use a Gold-certified power supply, the calculation would be:



This means you need at least a 750W 80 PLUS Gold-certified power supply.



| Why Choose an 80 PLUS Certified Power Supply? |

⚡ Energy Efficiency: Higher conversion rates mean less energy waste and lower electricity bills.

🔥 Reduced Heat Generation: Better efficiency reduces excess heat, extending component lifespan.

✅ Stable Performance: Higher certification levels ensure consistent power output, benefiting system stability.





| Which 80 PLUS Certification Should You Choose? |

👨‍💻 For Office & Light Gaming Users:

Standard, Bronze, or Silver is sufficient since power demands are relatively low.

🎮 For Gamers & Content Creators:

Gold or higher is recommended to ensure minimal power loss and stable performance for extended usage.





80 PLUS is a certification that evaluates power supply efficiency, categorized into six levels. The higher the certification level, the better the power conversion efficiency, resulting in greater energy savings and environmental benefits.

What Is 80 PLUS Power Supply Certification?

Have you ever been confused about how much wattage your power supply should have when building a DIY PC? This is where a PSU wattage calculator comes in handy. It accurately estimates your components' power consumption and recommends an appropriate power supply to prevent underpowering or wasting electricity.

 OuterVision calculator, brands like Be Quiet, FSP, and Seasonic also offer PSU wattage calculators in both Chinese and English.

 as an example, let's calculate power consumption based on the following configuration:

Step 3: Choose RAM, Storage, and Cooling System

After inputting all the details, click the Calculate button. Based on this setup, the FSP Wattage Calculator estimates the system's power consumption at 650W and recommends a 750W power supply.

| Why Do Different Wattage Calculators Provide Different Results? |

When testing the same configuration on different PSU wattage calculators, the recommended wattage may vary:

Based on these results, it’s recommended to choose a PSU between 850W and 1000W:





Have you ever been confused about how much wattage your power supply should have when building a DIY PC? This is where a PSU wattage calculator comes in handy. It accurately estimates your components' power consumption and recommends an appropriate power supply to prevent underpowering or wasting electricity.



In addition to the previously recommended OuterVision calculator, brands like Be Quiet, FSP, and Seasonic also offer PSU wattage calculators in both Chinese and English.



| How to Use a PSU Wattage Calculator |

Using the FSP Wattage Calculator as an example, let's calculate power consumption based on the following configuration:





CPU: Intel Core i7-13700K



CPU Cooler: 1 water block, 3 fans



RAM: 16GB DDR4 x 2



GPU: Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti



Storage: M.2 SSD x 2



Fans: 4 additional case fans



| Step-by-Step Guide |

Step 1: Select Your CPU Model





Choose the brand (e.g., Intel or AMD).



Select the socket type of your processor.



Pick the exact CPU model and indicate if overclocking is enabled.





Step 2: Select Your GPU Model





Choose the GPU brand and model.



Specify the number of GPUs installed.



Indicate whether overclocking is enabled.





Step 3: Choose RAM, Storage, and Cooling System





RAM: Enter the number of memory sticks and type.



Storage: Specify the number of installed storage drives. (M.2 SSDs are often excluded from this calculation.)



Cooling: Enter the number of fans and the size of any liquid cooling system.





Step 4: Calculate and Review the Results

After inputting all the details, click the Calculate button. Based on this setup, the FSP Wattage Calculator estimates the system's power consumption at 650W and recommends a 750W power supply.





| Why Do Different Wattage Calculators Provide Different Results? |

When testing the same configuration on different PSU wattage calculators, the recommended wattage may vary:





FSP Wattage Calculator: Recommends 750W+ PSU



Be Quiet Wattage Calculator: Recommends 1000W PSU



MSI Wattage Calculator: Recommends 850W+ PSU



OuterVision Wattage Calculator: Recommends 750W+ PSU



This discrepancy is normal because different calculators use slightly different formulas for estimation.



How to Choose the Right Wattage?

Based on these results, it’s recommended to choose a PSU between 850W and 1000W:





If you're on a budget, a minimum of 850W should suffice.



If you plan to upgrade your system in the future, opting for a 1000W PSU might be a better investment.





A PC wattage calculator helps determine the required power supply wattage based on your hardware configuration, ensuring you select the right PSU.

Choosing the Right Power Supply: Learn to Use a Wattage Calculator in Just 5 Minutes

As one of the most essential components in a PC, the power supply unit (PSU) is responsible for delivering stable power to all other hardware. Choosing the wrong PSU can negatively impact your overall computing experience and even damage other components. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you select the right power supply for your needs.

Power supplies are commonly available in three main form factors: ATX, SFX, and SFX-L.

The two most common power efficiency certifications are 80 PLUS and Cybenetics.

The 80 PLUS certification is the most widely recognized efficiency standard for PSUs. It ensures that a PSU operates at at least 80% efficiency under 20%, 50%, and 100% loads. The certification has multiple levels:

The Cybenetics certification is a newer and more precise PSU testing standard. It provides more detailed efficiency data than 80 PLUS and also includes a noise certification level, offering a more comprehensive PSU evaluation.

Complete Guide to Cybenetics PSU Certification.

Some PSUs are now Cybenetics-certified (Image: 

Choosing the right PSU wattage is essential. If the wattage is too low, your system may become unstable or shut down unexpectedly. You can estimate your needs using the 

OuterVision recommends a 660W PSU.To be safe, we suggest adding an extra 100–200W, making an 850W PSU a better choice.

By following these guidelines, you can find the ideal PSU for your system, ensuring both stability and efficiency.





As one of the most essential components in a PC, the power supply unit (PSU) is responsible for delivering stable power to all other hardware. Choosing the wrong PSU can negatively impact your overall computing experience and even damage other components. Here’s a comprehensive guide to help you select the right power supply for your needs.



| Power Supply Form Factors |

Power supplies are commonly available in three main form factors: ATX, SFX, and SFX-L.



ATX Standard Power Supply





Dimensions: 150mm (W) × 86mm (H) × 140–200mm (D)



Compatible Cases: E-ATX / ATX / M-ATX



Features: The most widely used PSU standard, compatible with most mainstream PC cases.





SFX Small Form Factor Power Supply





Dimensions: 125mm (W) × 63.5mm (H) × 100mm (D)



Compatible Cases: Small M-ATX / ITX



Features: Designed mainly for ITX cases, smaller in size but can be installed in ATX cases using an SFX to ATX adapter.



SFX-L Small Form Factor Power Supply





Dimensions: 125mm (W) × 63.5mm (H) × 130mm (D)



Compatible Cases: Small M-ATX / ITX



Features: Compared to SFX, the depth is increased by 30mm, allowing for better cooling inside the PSU.



| Power Efficiency Certifications |

The two most common power efficiency certifications are 80 PLUS and Cybenetics.



80 PLUS Certification

The 80 PLUS certification is the most widely recognized efficiency standard for PSUs. It ensures that a PSU operates at at least 80% efficiency under 20%, 50%, and 100% loads. The certification has multiple levels:





Standard (White), Bronze, Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Titanium



Higher certification levels indicate better power efficiency, reducing energy waste and heat generation.



Cybenetics Certification

The Cybenetics certification is a newer and more precise PSU testing standard. It provides more detailed efficiency data than 80 PLUS and also includes a noise certification level, offering a more comprehensive PSU evaluation.



For a detailed breakdown, refer to: Complete Guide to Cybenetics PSU Certification.





↑Some PSUs are now Cybenetics-certified (Image: PC Gamer)



| Power Wattage Selection |

Choosing the right PSU wattage is essential. If the wattage is too low, your system may become unstable or shut down unexpectedly. You can estimate your needs using the OuterVision PSU calculator.



Example Build:





CPU: Intel Core i7-13700K



RAM: 16GB DDR4 × 2



GPU: Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti



Storage: M.2 SSD × 2



Usage:

Daily operation: 6 hours

High-load usage: 2 hours



OuterVision recommends a 660W PSU.To be safe, we suggest adding an extra 100–200W, making an 850W PSU a better choice.





Recommended PSU Wattage Based on GPU





Using integrated graphics or low-end GPU: 400–500W PSU



Mainstream gaming GPUs (e.g., RTX 4060, RTX 3060): 600–850W PSU (Bronze or Gold rated)



High-end flagship GPUs (e.g., RTX 5090, RTX 5080): 850W+ PSU (Gold or higher recommended)







By following these guidelines, you can find the ideal PSU for your system, ensuring both stability and efficiency.

A stable power supply is crucial for a smoothly running PC. In addition to ensuring compatibility with your case size, you should also pay close attention to certifications and power wattage.

How to Choose the Right Power Supply for Your PC

Cybenetics power supply efficiency certification is a performance rating standard introduced by Cybenetics Lab, an independent testing laboratory headquartered in Greece. This certification evaluates power supplies based on energy efficiency and noise levels. But how does it differ from the traditional 80 Plus certification?

| Efficiency Certification Levels (ETA) |

Cybenetics classifies efficiency into six levels, ranked from highest to lowest: Diamond, Titanium, Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze.

The Cybenetics LAMBDA certification evaluates the noise levels of power supplies under different loads and categorizes them into A++, A+, A, A-, Standard++, Standard+, and Standard.

Cybenetics LAMBDA Noise Certification Ratings

One of the key differences between Cybenetics and 80 Plus certification is that Cybenetics includes noise testing. It categorizes power supplies based on noise levels at different loads, allowing consumers to choose a power supply with both high efficiency and low noise.

In contrast, 80 Plus certification only evaluates power conversion efficiency and does not measure noise levels.

 for Seasonic Vertex PX-1000 Power Supply

Another major advantage of Cybenetics certification is its transparent reporting. Cybenetics publishes detailed test reports, including efficiency performance, noise levels, and additional data.

In comparison, 80 Plus certification only provides efficiency ratings without detailed breakdowns.

This comprehensive analysis should help you better understand Cybenetics certification and how it compares to the traditional 80 Plus standard.





Cybenetics power supply efficiency certification is a performance rating standard introduced by Cybenetics Lab, an independent testing laboratory headquartered in Greece. This certification evaluates power supplies based on energy efficiency and noise levels. But how does it differ from the traditional 80 Plus certification?



| Efficiency Certification Levels (ETA) |

Cybenetics classifies efficiency into six levels, ranked from highest to lowest: Diamond, Titanium, Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze.



Testing Conditions:





The test environment temperature is set at 30°C, which is closer to real-world PC operating temperatures.



Load testing covers 5% to 100% usage and considers different regional input voltages (115V & 230V), making it applicable to the global market.



Cybenetics ETA Efficiency Ratings





Diamond Certification: ≥ 93% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 95% total efficiency (230V)



Titanium Certification: ≥ 91% & < 93% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 93% & < 95% total efficiency (230V)



Platinum Certification: ≥ 89% & < 91% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 91% & < 93% total efficiency (230V)



Gold Certification: ≥ 87% & < 89% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 89% & < 91% total efficiency (230V)



Silver Certification: ≥ 85% & < 87% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 87% & < 89% total efficiency (230V)



Bronze Certification: ≥ 82% & < 85% total efficiency (115V) | ≥ 84% & < 87% total efficiency (230V)



| Noise Certification Levels (LAMBDA) |

The Cybenetics LAMBDA certification evaluates the noise levels of power supplies under different loads and categorizes them into A++, A+, A, A-, Standard++, Standard+, and Standard.



Testing Conditions:





Conducted in a specialized silent lab, maintaining ambient noise levels below 6 dB.



Temperature and humidity are kept at 25°C and 50%, respectively.



Cybenetics LAMBDA Noise Certification Ratings





A++ Certification: < 15 dB(A)



A+ Certification: ≥ 15 dB(A) & < 20 dB(A)



A Certification: ≥ 20 dB(A) & < 25 dB(A)



A- Certification: ≥ 25 dB(A) & < 30 dB(A)



Standard++ Certification: ≥ 30 dB(A) & < 35 dB(A)



Standard+ Certification: ≥ 35 dB(A) & < 40 dB(A)



Standard Certification: ≥ 40 dB(A) & < 45 dB(A)





| Cybenetics vs. 80 Plus Certification |

Noise Rating System

One of the key differences between Cybenetics and 80 Plus certification is that Cybenetics includes noise testing. It categorizes power supplies based on noise levels at different loads, allowing consumers to choose a power supply with both high efficiency and low noise.



In contrast, 80 Plus certification only evaluates power conversion efficiency and does not measure noise levels.





↑Example: Cybenetics Report for Seasonic Vertex PX-1000 Power Supply



Transparent Test Data

Another major advantage of Cybenetics certification is its transparent reporting. Cybenetics publishes detailed test reports, including efficiency performance, noise levels, and additional data.



In comparison, 80 Plus certification only provides efficiency ratings without detailed breakdowns.





↑Efficiency Conversion Chart





↑Noise Performance Chart



This comprehensive analysis should help you better understand Cybenetics certification and how it compares to the traditional 80 Plus standard.

This article provides an in-depth breakdown of the Cybenetics certification, covering efficiency ratings and noise testing, helping you understand this new power supply certification system!

Must-Read Before Buying a Power Supply! Complete Analysis of Cybenetics Certification

With continuous advancements in liquid cooling technology, performance differences among most products are minimal. To stand out, manufacturers have introduced IPS display-equipped liquid cooling heads, which not only monitor system performance but also allow for customized images and videos. However, these high-end models come at a premium price, making them less attractive for budget-conscious users.

As a result, Digital Display liquid cooling screens have emerged as a cost-effective alternative. While they lack customization features, they still provide real-time hardware monitoring, making them the best choice for users who prioritize performance metrics over aesthetics.

| Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screens |

| IPS vs. Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screens: Key Differences |

| Recommended IPS Liquid Cooling Screen –

The DN360S Liquid CPU Cooler features a newly designed 2.1-inch IPS screen with 480x480 resolution, offering exceptional image quality. With darkFlash’s proprietary software, users can switch themes, upload images, videos, and GIFs, creating a fully personalized liquid cooling experience.

| Recommended Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screen – 

The DN360D Liquid CPU Cooler is equipped with a digital display screen, providing real-time monitoring of CPU temperature, usage, clock speed, and memory usage—a must-have for hardware enthusiasts.

For those looking to upgrade to a monitor-equipped liquid cooler without breaking the bank, this is the perfect choice!





With continuous advancements in liquid cooling technology, performance differences among most products are minimal. To stand out, manufacturers have introduced IPS display-equipped liquid cooling heads, which not only monitor system performance but also allow for customized images and videos. However, these high-end models come at a premium price, making them less attractive for budget-conscious users.



As a result, Digital Display liquid cooling screens have emerged as a cost-effective alternative. While they lack customization features, they still provide real-time hardware monitoring, making them the best choice for users who prioritize performance metrics over aesthetics.

| IPS Liquid Cooling Screens |





Display Technology: Uses the same IPS panel technology found in high-end monitors, delivering precise color accuracy and wide viewing angles.



Display Features: Shows real-time system stats and allows for extensive customization via manufacturer-provided software, supporting custom images and animations.



Best For: Users who value aesthetics, customization, and premium quality.







| Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screens |





Display Technology: Utilizes a basic LCD dot-matrix display, typically single-color and numeric-based.



Display Features: Focuses on real-time system monitoring, displaying CPU temperature, usage, and frequency, but does not support images or videos.



Best For: Data-focused users and those seeking high performance at an affordable price.







| IPS vs. Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screens: Key Differences |





| Recommended IPS Liquid Cooling Screen – DN360S Liquid CPU Cooler |

The DN360S Liquid CPU Cooler features a newly designed 2.1-inch IPS screen with 480x480 resolution, offering exceptional image quality. With darkFlash’s proprietary software, users can switch themes, upload images, videos, and GIFs, creating a fully personalized liquid cooling experience.







| Recommended Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screen – DN360D Liquid CPU Cooler |

The DN360D Liquid CPU Cooler is equipped with a digital display screen, providing real-time monitoring of CPU temperature, usage, clock speed, and memory usage—a must-have for hardware enthusiasts.



Affordable Pricing:





240mm model: Only $2,390 TWD ≈ 74.09 USD



360mm model: Under $3,500 TWD ≈ 108.50 USD



For those looking to upgrade to a monitor-equipped liquid cooler without breaking the bank, this is the perfect choice!





Confused About Upgrading to a Liquid Cooling Screen?
This guide compares IPS and Digital Display liquid cooling screens, helping you find the best option for your needs!

Beginner's Guide: A Complete Analysis of IPS & Digital Display Liquid Cooling Screens

As an enthusiast of games and computer DIY in this age, we, darkFlash, feel proud and grateful for keep thinking how to develop impressive and extraordinary products with high-end facilities by assembling and using the PC cases, CPU coolers, case fans, and even gaming chairs and tables in person.

Our goal is to create products that could extremely exert its effect by every user.