How to Guide                                                    

Have you bought a Mac Mini or MacBook but don't want to use the thin membrane keyboard or pay for the expensive official keyboards? 

Found a mechanical keyboard you love but noticed it doesn’t come with a dedicated Mac layout? No worries! As long as it’s a keyboard, it can generally be used with a Mac — you just need a few settings adjustments to make everything run smoothly.

How to Set Up Windows Layout Function Keys on a Mac

 | Open the Settings menu, select "Keyboard," and then click "Keyboard Shortcuts."

 | Scroll down to find "Modifier Keys" and choose the name of the keyboard you want to modify.

 | Click "Done" and test if everything works correctly.

When connecting an external keyboard to a Mac for the first time, the Command and Option keys may behave differently, so you’ll need to remap them.

The DF98 mechanical keyboards also support key customization, allowing seamless switching between Windows and Mac systems, truly delivering a one-key dual-system experience!





Have you bought a Mac Mini or MacBook but don't want to use the thin membrane keyboard or pay for the expensive official keyboards? 



Found a mechanical keyboard you love but noticed it doesn’t come with a dedicated Mac layout? No worries! As long as it’s a keyboard, it can generally be used with a Mac — you just need a few settings adjustments to make everything run smoothly.



How to Set Up Windows Layout Function Keys on a Mac

Step 1 | Open the Settings menu, select "Keyboard," and then click "Keyboard Shortcuts."







Step 2 | Scroll down to find "Modifier Keys" and choose the name of the keyboard you want to modify.







Step 3 | Change the key assignments:





Change the Option key to act as the Command key.



Change the Command key to act as the Option key.







Step 4 | Click "Done" and test if everything works correctly.


When connecting an external keyboard to a Mac for the first time, the Command and Option keys may behave differently, so you’ll need to remap them.







Recommended Mechanical Keyboard: DF98

The DF98 mechanical keyboards also support key customization, allowing seamless switching between Windows and Mac systems, truly delivering a one-key dual-system experience!





Here's how to switch to Mac key layout and quickly toggle between dual systems!

A Must-Read for Mac Users: How to Remap a Regular Keyboard to Mac Layout

Vertical GPU mounting certainly looks more aesthetically pleasing in a build, but since it requires the use of a riser cable, some worry that it might prevent the graphics card from performing at its best. So, how much performance loss does it actually cause? Will it significantly impact gaming performance?

In this test, we also examined performance differences when using PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, and PCIe 5.0 riser cables.

Using the 3DMark Time Spy benchmark, the results all fell within the margin of error. Surprisingly, the theoretical scores with PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, and PCIe 5.0 riser cables were even slightly higher than when the GPU was plugged directly into the motherboard.

Rather than synthetic benchmarks, gamers care more about real-world performance in games. So we tested three currently popular games using their built-in benchmarking tools.

 showed that using a PCIe 5.0 riser cable yielded similar average FPS to direct motherboard installation. However, using PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 3.0 riser cables resulted in a 12% and 32% FPS drop respectively.

 uses the latest Unreal Engine 5, which places high demands on bandwidth, making lower-speed riser cables a bottleneck.

, PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 3.0 riser cables resulted in 4% and 12% performance loss respectively, which is less severe than in 

, only the PCIe 3.0 riser cable showed about 5% performance loss, and the overall gameplay experience wasn’t noticeably affected.

Is It Worth Using a Riser Cable for Vertical GPU Mounting?

Based on the benchmark and game test results, if you want to squeeze out every last bit of performance from your GPU, plugging it directly into the motherboard is the best choice.

However, if you prioritize aesthetics and are willing to sacrifice a bit of gaming performance, make sure to use a PCIe 4.0 or higher riser cable to minimize performance loss.





Vertical GPU mounting certainly looks more aesthetically pleasing in a build, but since it requires the use of a riser cable, some worry that it might prevent the graphics card from performing at its best. So, how much performance loss does it actually cause? Will it significantly impact gaming performance?



In this test, we also examined performance differences when using PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, and PCIe 5.0 riser cables.



Test Setup





CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 9800X3D



Motherboard: ASUS PRIME X670E-PRO



Graphics Card: GIGABYTE AORUS GeForce RTX 5090 MASTER 32G







Benchmark Results

Using the 3DMark Time Spy benchmark, the results all fell within the margin of error. Surprisingly, the theoretical scores with PCIe 3.0, PCIe 4.0, and PCIe 5.0 riser cables were even slightly higher than when the GPU was plugged directly into the motherboard.







Game Test Results

Rather than synthetic benchmarks, gamers care more about real-world performance in games. So we tested three currently popular games using their built-in benchmarking tools.



Game Test: Black Myth: Wukong

The results for Black Myth: Wukong showed that using a PCIe 5.0 riser cable yielded similar average FPS to direct motherboard installation. However, using PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 3.0 riser cables resulted in a 12% and 32% FPS drop respectively.



The likely reason is that Black Myth: Wukong uses the latest Unreal Engine 5, which places high demands on bandwidth, making lower-speed riser cables a bottleneck.







Game Test: Forza Horizon 5

In Forza Horizon 5, PCIe 4.0 and PCIe 3.0 riser cables resulted in 4% and 12% performance loss respectively, which is less severe than in Black Myth: Wukong.







Game Test: Red Dead Redemption II

In Red Dead Redemption 2, only the PCIe 3.0 riser cable showed about 5% performance loss, and the overall gameplay experience wasn’t noticeably affected.







Is It Worth Using a Riser Cable for Vertical GPU Mounting?

Based on the benchmark and game test results, if you want to squeeze out every last bit of performance from your GPU, plugging it directly into the motherboard is the best choice.



However, if you prioritize aesthetics and are willing to sacrifice a bit of gaming performance, make sure to use a PCIe 4.0 or higher riser cable to minimize performance loss.





If you're aiming for both aesthetics and performance, it's recommended to use a PCIe 4.0 or higher riser cable. However, if performance is your top priority, installing the GPU directly is the best choice.

How Much Performance Loss is Caused by Using a GPU Riser Cable?

Before understanding the differences between USB and WiFi 2.4G, it's important to know what 2.4G is.

2.4G refers to the 2.4 GHz wireless frequency band, which is a commonly used range for wireless communication. It's mainly used in WiFi, Bluetooth, wireless mice and keyboards, wireless headsets, and other devices.

Differences Between USB 2.4GHz and WiFi 2.4GHz

Difference 2｜Different Communication Technologies

Difference 3｜Connection Range and Interference

USB 2.4GHz vs. WiFi 2.4GHz Comparison Table

While USB 2.4GHz has a dedicated connection channel with lower chances of interference, having too many USB 2.4G devices nearby can still cause interference.





Before understanding the differences between USB and WiFi 2.4G, it's important to know what 2.4G is.

2.4G refers to the 2.4 GHz wireless frequency band, which is a commonly used range for wireless communication. It's mainly used in WiFi, Bluetooth, wireless mice and keyboards, wireless headsets, and other devices.



What are the characteristics of 2.4GHz?







Strong signal penetration: Compared to 5GHz, 2.4G signals can better penetrate walls and obstacles, making it more suitable for long-distance transmission.



Longer transmission range: Under the same power, 2.4G can reach farther distances, which is ideal for larger spaces.



Widespread usage: Many wireless technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi operate on the 2.4G band, so interference is something to watch out for.



Differences Between USB 2.4GHz and WiFi 2.4GHz

Difference 1｜Different Uses







USB 2.4GHz: Mainly used for wireless connections to devices like mice, keyboards, and headsets. It uses the 2.4GHz band for low-latency, high-stability wireless transmission.



WiFi 2.4GHz: Used for internet connectivity. It also uses the 2.4GHz band to provide wireless networking over longer distances, though it's more prone to interference.







Difference 2｜Different Communication Technologies







USB 2.4GHz: Uses RF (radio frequency) wireless technology to create a dedicated channel between the USB receiver and the device, resulting in a more stable connection that’s less affected by WiFi interference.



WiFi 2.4GHz: Supports multiple device connections, but too many devices on the same frequency can cause slower speeds and less stability.







Difference 3｜Connection Range and Interference







USB 2.4GHz: Typically supports a range of about 5–10 meters. Since it uses a dedicated channel, interference is relatively low, making it great for gaming and other demanding uses.



WiFi 2.4GHz: Can reach over 30 meters, but is easily affected by other 2.4G devices, which can weaken the signal and reduce internet speed.







USB 2.4GHz vs. WiFi 2.4GHz Comparison Table







While USB 2.4GHz has a dedicated connection channel with lower chances of interference, having too many USB 2.4G devices nearby can still cause interference.

2.4G is widely used in everyday life, but it's mainly applied in USB and WiFi connections—here’s everything you need to know in one go!

Differences Between Wireless 2.4G via USB and WiFi

Choosing between building a gaming PC or purchasing a PS5 console has always been a hot topic. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer—it ultimately depends on your personal needs, budget, and preferences. Here are a few key points to help you make the right decision:

Key Point 1｜Hardware Flexibility & Upgrade Convenience

Components like the graphics card and RAM can be upgraded freely. As games become more demanding, you can gradually enhance your system.

Besides gaming, it can also be used for work, content creation, and more.

Since a PC is made up of various components, the upfront cost tends to be higher, and high-performance parts are even more expensive.

Building and maintaining a PC requires a certain level of technical knowledge, which can be a barrier for players who just want to game.

Hardware is designed specifically for gaming—no need for assembly or component selection. Games on consoles are optimized for the system.

Fixed hardware costs with no need to worry about upgrades or compatibility issues.

Limited upgrade potential—primarily limited to expanding storage.

Once a new console generation is released, the older generation can quickly become obsolete.

Huge game library available through platforms like Steam and Epic Games. You can also install user-created mods for unique gameplay experiences.

Supports higher graphics quality and frame rates, and you can connect multiple monitors for gaming.

Access to platform-exclusive titles, often available before other systems. The gaming experience is optimized for controller users.

A user interface and features built specifically for gaming, making it easy to learn and use.

You can customize your build according to your budget.

If a component fails, it can be replaced individually without needing to swap out the whole system.

For similar gaming performance, consoles tend to be more cost-effective.

Online services (like multiplayer) require additional subscription fees.

PC or Console – Which One’s Right for Me?

If you're aiming for high-quality graphics, high frame rates, a stylish setup, and multi-purpose usage—and you’ve got the budget for it—a gaming PC is a solid choice.

If you prefer a simple, plug-and-play experience without the hassle, and don't necessarily need ultra-high graphics quality, the PS5 is a better fit for you.





Choosing between building a gaming PC or purchasing a PS5 console has always been a hot topic. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer—it ultimately depends on your personal needs, budget, and preferences. Here are a few key points to help you make the right decision:



Key Point 1｜Hardware Flexibility & Upgrade Convenience

Pros of PC:

Components like the graphics card and RAM can be upgraded freely. As games become more demanding, you can gradually enhance your system.

Besides gaming, it can also be used for work, content creation, and more.



Cons of PC:

Since a PC is made up of various components, the upfront cost tends to be higher, and high-performance parts are even more expensive.

Building and maintaining a PC requires a certain level of technical knowledge, which can be a barrier for players who just want to game.







Pros of Console:

Hardware is designed specifically for gaming—no need for assembly or component selection. Games on consoles are optimized for the system.

Fixed hardware costs with no need to worry about upgrades or compatibility issues.



Cons of Console:

Limited upgrade potential—primarily limited to expanding storage.

Once a new console generation is released, the older generation can quickly become obsolete.







Key Point 2｜Game Experience & Content

🖥️ PC:

Huge game library available through platforms like Steam and Epic Games. You can also install user-created mods for unique gameplay experiences.

Supports higher graphics quality and frame rates, and you can connect multiple monitors for gaming.







🎮 PS5 Console:

Access to platform-exclusive titles, often available before other systems. The gaming experience is optimized for controller users.

A user interface and features built specifically for gaming, making it easy to learn and use.





↑ PS5 UI Interface (Image from Polygon)



Key Point 3｜Budget & Running Costs

🖥️ PC:

You can customize your build according to your budget.

If a component fails, it can be replaced individually without needing to swap out the whole system.







🎮 PS5 Console:

For similar gaming performance, consoles tend to be more cost-effective.

Online services (like multiplayer) require additional subscription fees.





↑ PS Plus Membership



PC or Console – Which One’s Right for Me?

If you're aiming for high-quality graphics, high frame rates, a stylish setup, and multi-purpose usage—and you’ve got the budget for it—a gaming PC is a solid choice.

If you prefer a simple, plug-and-play experience without the hassle, and don't necessarily need ultra-high graphics quality, the PS5 is a better fit for you.







Still Hesitating? Let’s walk you through the differences and help you choose what suits you best!

Gaming PC vs. PS5: A Comprehensive Buying Guide

After installing the CPU, the correct installation of the cooler also affects the processor's cooling efficiency and system stability. If installed improperly, it may cause various issues when using the computer. This article will help new DIY users understand the situation and learn how to troubleshoot problems.

What Happens if the CPU Cooler is Not Installed Properly?

If the CPU cooler is not installed correctly during computer assembly, the following issues may occur:

How to Confirm if the CPU Cooler is Properly Installed

If the CPU cooler is not installed properly, it can lead to overheating, automatic shutdowns, throttling, and other issues. By checking the mounting clips, testing stability, verifying thermal paste application, and monitoring temperatures, you can ensure that the cooler is correctly installed and keep your computer running stably!





After installing the CPU, the correct installation of the cooler also affects the processor's cooling efficiency and system stability. If installed improperly, it may cause various issues when using the computer. This article will help new DIY users understand the situation and learn how to troubleshoot problems.



What Happens if the CPU Cooler is Not Installed Properly?

If the CPU cooler is not installed correctly during computer assembly, the following issues may occur:





CPU Overheating: If the cooler is not properly secured, it may fail to dissipate heat effectively, causing the CPU temperature to rise excessively.



System Instability: When the CPU temperature is too high, it will trigger automatic protection mechanisms, leading to shutdowns, frequent blue screens, or crashes.



Automatic Throttling: The CPU will automatically reduce its clock speed due to excessive heat, affecting overall performance.



Risk of Damage: Prolonged CPU overheating may significantly shorten its lifespan.







How to Confirm if the CPU Cooler is Properly Installed

Physical Inspection





Check if the cooler is properly attached to the CPU: Observe from the side to ensure there are no visible gaps between the cooler and the CPU.



Verify if the mounting clips are securely fastened: Follow the instructions provided with the cooler to confirm that all mounting points are tightened and evenly secured.



Test for movement: Gently shake the cooler to check if it moves easily. If it does, the installation is unstable and needs to be reinstalled.







Check Thermal Paste Application





Ensure thermal paste is applied: When installing the cooler, you may forget to apply thermal paste to the processor surface or to remove the protective film from the base of a liquid cooler.



Confirm correct thermal paste application: The application method may vary, so refer to a thermal paste application guide.







Check CPU Temperature





Enter BIOS after booting (press F2 or DEL repeatedly during startup) to check the CPU temperature.



Use third-party software like CPU-Z or other monitoring tools to check the CPU's idle temperature (a normal idle temperature should be below 45°C).



Monitoring Tools



If the CPU cooler is not installed properly, it can lead to overheating, automatic shutdowns, throttling, and other issues. By checking the mounting clips, testing stability, verifying thermal paste application, and monitoring temperatures, you can ensure that the cooler is correctly installed and keep your computer running stably!

CPU Cooler is a crucial component, and improper installation may lead to a series of issues.

How to Confirm If the CPU Cooler is Installed Correctly

During computer use, various issues may arise, such as failure to boot, continuous restarting, or sluggish performance. Most of these problems can be resolved through simple inspections and troubleshooting. Below are some common computer malfunctions, their possible causes, and corresponding solutions.

Common Issue | Computer Slows Down and Becomes Laggy

Most common computer issues stem from hardware or software problems. However, using elimination and cross-testing methods can resolve most issues. 

If the problem persists, consider contacting the component manufacturer or a computer repair shop for further diagnosis!





During computer use, various issues may arise, such as failure to boot, continuous restarting, or sluggish performance. Most of these problems can be resolved through simple inspections and troubleshooting. Below are some common computer malfunctions, their possible causes, and corresponding solutions.



Common Issue | Computer Won’t Turn On







📍 Possible Causes





Power Issues: Power supply failure or forgetting to turn on the power switch.



Power Button Issues: Improperly connected case button or loose wiring.



🛠️ Solutions





Check if the power supply is functioning properly.



Inspect hardware installation, especially ensuring the RAM and power cables are securely connected.



Verify that the case button is correctly wired to the motherboard.



Common Issue | No Display After Booting







📍 Possible Causes





Monitor Issues: The screen is turned off, faulty, or the incorrect input source is selected.



Graphics Card Issues: The graphics card is faulty or not properly connected to the motherboard.



🛠️ Solutions





Ensure the monitor is powered on and receiving the correct signal input.



Reinsert the graphics card and clean the gold contacts using an eraser.



Test booting using an integrated GPU to check if the display works.



Common Issue | Computer Keeps Restarting







📍 Possible Causes





RAM is not properly installed.



The CPU cooler is not functioning correctly, causing the processor to overheat and shut down.



Insufficient power supply wattage, triggering automatic shutdown.



🛠️ Solutions





Reinsert the RAM and ensure it is firmly seated.



Check if the CPU cooler has thermal paste applied and is operating normally.



Use a power supply wattage calculator to verify if the power supply is sufficient.



Common Issue | Computer Slows Down and Becomes Laggy







📍 Possible Causes





Insufficient RAM capacity.



Lack of hard drive space or hard drive failure.



Too many running programs consuming CPU and RAM resources for extended periods.



🛠️ Solutions





Upgrade the RAM capacity.



Add a new hard drive or replace the existing one.



Use Task Manager (Ctrl + Shift + ESC) to close unnecessary programs.



Most common computer issues stem from hardware or software problems. However, using elimination and cross-testing methods can resolve most issues. 



If the problem persists, consider contacting the component manufacturer or a computer repair shop for further diagnosis!

Understand common issues and troubleshoot quickly.

Common Computer Malfunctions: Causes and Solutions

Power supplies can be categorized based on cable management into 

 types. These classifications mainly affect cable management convenience, installation flexibility, and overall tidiness inside the PC case.

A full modular power supply allows all cables connecting to the motherboard and other components to be detached. Users can choose which cables to install, making it more flexible for DIY builders and resulting in a cleaner cable management setup.

A semi-modular power supply has some fixed cables that cannot be removed, while others are detachable. This design offers a balance between flexibility and ease of use.

A non-modular power supply has all cables permanently attached, making it the most affordable but least convenient option for cable management.

✔ You prioritize clean and organized cable management.

✔ You frequently upgrade hardware and need flexible installations.

✔ You are on a tight budget and just need a cost-effective option.





Power supplies can be categorized based on cable management into full modular, semi-modular, and non-modular types. These classifications mainly affect cable management convenience, installation flexibility, and overall tidiness inside the PC case.



Full Modular Power Supply

A full modular power supply allows all cables connecting to the motherboard and other components to be detached. Users can choose which cables to install, making it more flexible for DIY builders and resulting in a cleaner cable management setup.







✅ Advantages





Allows installation of only the necessary cables, reducing clutter.



Easy to upgrade or replace cables without changing the entire power supply.



⚠️ Disadvantages





More expensive than semi-modular and non-modular power supplies.



Requires manual cable installation, which may not be beginner-friendly.



Semi-Modular Power Supply

A semi-modular power supply has some fixed cables that cannot be removed, while others are detachable. This design offers a balance between flexibility and ease of use.







✅ Advantages





The 24-pin motherboard and 8-pin CPU power cables are fixed, preventing mistakes during installation.



Reduces unnecessary cables, maintaining a cleaner PC interior.



⚠️ Disadvantages





Fixed power cables may create unnecessary clutter inside the case.



Harder to manage than a full modular PSU but still better than a non-modular one.



Non-Modular (Fixed Cable) Power Supply

A non-modular power supply has all cables permanently attached, making it the most affordable but least convenient option for cable management.







✅ Advantages





No need to install cables separately, simplifying the setup process.



Lower cost, making it a high-value option.



⚠️ Disadvantages





Excess cables can cause clutter, affecting airflow and aesthetics.



Harder to replace; if a cable fails, the entire PSU needs to be replaced.



Typically has lower efficiency ratings and is not ideal for mid-to-high-end hardware.



Which Power Supply Should You Choose?

You should consider a full modular power supply if:

✔ You have a higher budget.

✔ You prioritize clean and organized cable management.

✔ You frequently upgrade hardware and need flexible installations.

✔ You are using high-end components.







A semi-modular or non-modular power supply is sufficient if:

✔ You are on a tight budget and just need a cost-effective option.

✔ You are building an office PC.

✔ You do not need a dedicated GPU.





Power supplies are categorized into three main types based on how their cables are connected. Let’s take a quick look!

Ｗhat are Full Modular, Semi-Modular, and Non-Modular Power Supplies?

The development of Bluetooth technology has significantly impacted key aspects of wireless keyboards, such as connection stability, power consumption, and latency. The transition from Bluetooth 4.0 to 5.0 introduces major improvements in transmission range, connection reliability, and energy efficiency, enhancing the typing experience for wireless keyboard users.

Bluetooth 4.0, an early version of low-energy Bluetooth, is suitable for basic office tasks but lacks performance in fast typing or gaming scenarios.

Bluetooth 5.0 delivers significant advancements in transmission speed, connection stability, and reduced power consumption. For wireless keyboards, it minimizes input latency and extends battery life.

Bluetooth 5.0 offers a transformative upgrade for users seeking improved performance and reliability in wireless devices, particularly keyboards used in dynamic or demanding contexts.





The development of Bluetooth technology has significantly impacted key aspects of wireless keyboards, such as connection stability, power consumption, and latency. The transition from Bluetooth 4.0 to 5.0 introduces major improvements in transmission range, connection reliability, and energy efficiency, enhancing the typing experience for wireless keyboard users.



Features of Bluetooth 4.0

Bluetooth 4.0, an early version of low-energy Bluetooth, is suitable for basic office tasks but lacks performance in fast typing or gaming scenarios.







✅ Advantages





Energy Efficiency: Lower power consumption compared to earlier versions like Bluetooth 3.0.



Compatibility: Works with most operating systems (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android).



Office Use: Adequate for standard document input without noticeable delays.



⚠️ Limitations





Short Transmission Range: Connections may drop beyond 10 meters.



Slow Device Switching: Requires waiting time when switching between devices.







Features of Bluetooth 5.0

Bluetooth 5.0 delivers significant advancements in transmission speed, connection stability, and reduced power consumption. For wireless keyboards, it minimizes input latency and extends battery life.



✅ Advantages





Extended Range: Supports up to 40 meters indoors, ideal for larger spaces.



Lower Power Consumption: Improves keyboard battery life.



Enhanced Stability: Maintains smooth operation even in environments with interference.



Low Latency: Faster response times suitable for high-speed typing needs.



⚠️ Limitations





Higher Cost: Keyboards supporting Bluetooth 5.0 are more expensive.



Limited Compatibility with Older Devices: Devices using Bluetooth 4.0 may not fully utilize the benefits of version 5.0.



Bluetooth 4.0 vs. 5.0 Specifications





Choosing Between Bluetooth 4.0 and 5.0

Bluetooth 4.0 Keyboard Usage Scenarios





For basic office tasks and document processing.



If budget constraints exist.



When using older devices that only support Bluetooth 4.0.







Bluetooth 5.0 Keyboard Usage Scenarios





For stable connections in high-speed typing or gaming scenarios.



If longer battery life is desired.



When working in environments with potential interference or needing extended range.







Bluetooth 5.0 offers a transformative upgrade for users seeking improved performance and reliability in wireless devices, particularly keyboards used in dynamic or demanding contexts.

Quickly understand the features and differences between two generations of Bluetooth, and choose the right usage scenario.

Wireless Foundation for Smart Living: Features of Bluetooth 4.0 and 5.0

As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from 

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.

Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.

↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector





As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

 

What is an ATX 3.0 Power Supply?

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

 

Key Features of ATX 3.0





Supports 12VHPWR power connector (16-pin).



A single cable can deliver up to 600W, suitable for high-end graphics cards.



Replaces multiple 8-pin power cables, reducing cable clutter.



Can handle up to 200% transient power spikes, ensuring system stability.



Controversies Surrounding ATX 3.0

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

 

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

 



↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from reddit, r/nvidia)

 

The Birth of ATX 3.1

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

 

Key Improvements in ATX 3.1

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.







Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

 

ATX 3.0 vs. ATX 3.1 Comparison

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.







Recommended ATX 3.1 Power Supply - PMT Series

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

 

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.





↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector

 (Image from forum.gamer.com.tw)

Power supplies have reached a new version—explore the differences after the upgrade!

ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 Power Supply Detailed Introduction

As an enthusiast of games and computer DIY in this age, we, darkFlash, feel proud and grateful for keep thinking how to develop impressive and extraordinary products with high-end facilities by assembling and using the PC cases, CPU coolers, case fans, and even gaming chairs and tables in person.

Our goal is to create products that could extremely exert its effect by every user.